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Rituals and Habits Lighting a cigarette, taking a chew, or using a vape pen often becomes part of a daily routine
Medium- and longer-term cardiovascular effects of e-cigarettes in adults making a stop-smoking attempt: A randomized controlled trial
Rollema, Pfizer Neuroadaptation and Nicotine Dependence Upregulation of nicotinic receptors Neuroplasticity Induction of gene products (c-Fos) Changes in protein expression Altered cell signaling TOBACCO ABSTINENCE SYMPTOM CLUSTERS(Gross and Stitzer) PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS: Irritability, Anger, Impatience, Anxiety DIFFICULTY CONCENTRATING: Cognitive and Performance Impairment HUNGER AND EATING: Weight Gain TOBACCO CRAVING Hedonic Dysregulation(Koob and LeMoal, Science 278:52, 1997) Negative Affect State Common To Abstinence From All Drugs Of Abuse Dysphoria Depression Irritability Anxiety Anhedonia MAINTAINING NICOTINE ADDICTION Positive reinforcement Liking a drug is part of addiction Physical dependence Avoiding withdrawal symptoms MAO A Activity Figure Monoamine Oxidase and Tobacco Addiction Smoking inhibits brain MAO-A and MAO-B Effect due to benzoquinones, 2-naphylamine, harmon and other chemicals, but not nicotine MAO inhibition enhances nicotine self-administration in animals MAO inhibitors may be useful in treating nicotine addiction Enhancement of Nicotine Self-Administration by Tranylcypromine Pre-treatment Fig Tobacco Addiction is Frequently Co-morbid with Alcoholism Drug Abuse Depression Schizophrenia Cigarette Smoking and Depression History of major depression more common in smokers More dependent smokers have higher rates of depression Smokers with depression history have more severe withdrawal symptoms, including severe depression symptoms OVERT BEHAVIOR SITUATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING SMOKING STATUS COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR SMOKE CIGARETTE URGE TO SMOKE CURRENT SMOKER LAPSE OR RELAPSE MEAL COFFEE ALCOHOL PARTY TELEPHONE DRIVING FRIENDS SMOKING URGE TO SMOKE RECENTLY ABSTAINING SMOKER MAINTAINED ABSTINENCE NO URGE TO SMOKE LONG-TERM ABSTINENT SMOKER NO CIGARETTE Things Go Better with Nicotine Nicotine increases the rewarding value of non-nicotine stimuli (such as food)
