J., Khoshaghideh, F., Patel, S
A meta-analysis of seven RCTs that enrolled patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery revealed that preoperative immunonutrition reduced the rate of infectious complications by nearly 50% compared with that in the control group
doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.014 Young, S
Food Res Int 112:25062 Ghosh S, Whitley CS, Haribabu B, Jala VR (2021Feb 18) Regulation of intestinal barrier function by microbial metabolites
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The slow intravenous infusion protocols used in clinical trials minimized these effects, suggesting that rapid bolus administration (which is essentially what subcutaneous injection creates) may increase the likelihood of transient side effects