have confirmed that the increase of circulating TMAO downregulates IL-10 and promotes vascular inflammation, contributing to endothelial dysfunction by mouse experiments (55)
Downstream signaling through IRAK and TRAF6 via the MyD88 adaptor protein activates the IKK/NFB pathway, promoting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL1, and IL6 and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby generating a localized inflammatory storm. [81] In vivo studies have shown that MPs exposure upregulates TLR4, MyD88, and phosphorylated NFB, while inhibitors of TLR2/4 markedly reduce inflammatory damage, highlighting the importance of this pathway in MPs-induced immune toxicity [82]
They have been extensively studied in large-scale human clinical trials, with robust safety data spanning over a decade
Placebo doesnt create measurable changes across multiple independent variables
This does not mean every patient immediately loses all progress, but maintaining healthy nutrition, regular physical activity, adequate sleep, and long-term lifestyle habits remains extremely important
& Louw, R