Intranasal delivery of MSC-EVs in TBI animal models has been shown to promote neurofunctional recovery, suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation, inhibit p38 MAPK signalling, and prevent microglial polarization toward the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, collectively improving behavioural and cognitive outcomes [393]
This section delineates SFNs multifaceted mechanisms across epigenetic regulation, programmed cell death pathways (particularly ferroptosis), and tumor immune microenvironment remodeling, establishing its role as a truly multi-targeted therapeutic agent
Because it is a large molecule, choosing a high-quality, bioavailable form is necessary to ensure the body can actually use the building blocks provided
ALDH2 activity in mitochondrial extracts was measured using XTT (Polyscience Inc, Warrington, PA, USA) with acetaldehyde as substrate according to a previously described assay [37]
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